John Locke Two Treatises Of Government Philosophy Essay

John Locke Two Treatises Of Government Philosophy EssayThe easy will endeavour to assess the cogency of the justifications for put up power put forward by John Locke in his Two Treatises of Government. Mainly the second Treaty emphasises on the inter-relation of property and formation of Government. Locke has provided a entangled c onception of property throughout his both treaties. In his kind contract theory Locke made property rights central to the formation and development of civil cab aret and democratic governance. Lockes line of reasoning was based on the natural law and where natural law fell short he relied on the Christianity. Locke believed that laws can only be real if they are to promote the common good and that slew will as a group do the right thing. According to Locke the reason for deal to come under the governmental control was mainly to protect their property.John Locke in his Two Treatises of Government has not given any clear explanation of property and rather given a double meaning which refers to an economic right and a quality of being. Professor Reno, B Jeffrey2pointed out that Locke stretch forths two show statements regarding the nature of property. In the First Treatise, he notes, Adams property in the creatures was founded upon the right he had to make use of those things that were necessary or useful to his being3. In the Second Treatise, Locke says that property is to be used to the best reward of career and convenience4. It is significant that in the first statement Locke draws a distinction amidst property as necessary or useful whereas in the second he creates a union between property existing for life and convenience. intent and convenience are not rival goals such that ane chooses to advance single or the other. Rather, echoing the empirical interpretation of the Law of Nature, one seeks conservation at all times and comfort when it is avail up to(p). It is, however, possible to break between goods that ser ve the advantage of life itselfnecessitiesand goods that serve the advantage of conveniencethe useful. The need for property to beseem such broad characteristics helps to make instinct of Lockes strange way of explaining its origin and purpose.Locke in his Second Treatises argues that property rights are justified because humans have a right to their preservation and thus have a right to meat and drink and such things that Nature affords for their subsistence.5Locke further asserts in Section 27 that everyman has a property in his own personand thatthe labour of his body and the work of his hands are properly his. According to Locke, when a person removes something from the state of nature, he has confused his labour with it, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property. Because labour is the unquestionable property of the labourer, Locke believes that no man but he can have a right to what his labour is once joined to. Peter Laslett6noted that th is famous passage, which almost contradicts Lockes first principle that men belong to God, not themselves, together with the general claim that tis Labour thusly that put the difference of encourage on everything7are perhaps the most influential statements he ever made. In this section we find a saucily element labour to his property theory. What follows from this section is that a persons labour and its product are inseparable, and hence ownership of one can be secured only by owning the other. Hence, if a person is to own his body and thus its labour, he must in bid manner own what he joins his labour with namely, the product of his labour. Herman T Tavani8explains that Locke After providing an ancestry for what is required in the just appropriation of the various kinds of objects that reside in the commonalty, such as acorns and apples, Locke proceeds to explain how one can justly inhibit portions of the commons itself. He states As much land as a man tills, plants, impr oves, cultivates, and can use the product of, so much is his property. He by his labour does, as it were, enclose it from the common9. Of course, Locke does not believe that ones right to appropriate objects or to enclose a section of the common is absolute i.e., without qualifications. For example, he imposes certain conditions and constraints as part of his justification for appropriation. One such constraint is sometimes described as the no-waste condition. According to Locke, one may take from the commons only as much as any one can make use of to the advantage of life before it spoils10.John Willinksy11notes that Locke built his argument on behalf of considerable differences in the property holdings among people in two ways first, by giving due weight to the productive value of labour, and and then by allowing for the authority of majority consent to establish alternative economic arrangements. Yet it is important to note that in what follows, Locke keeps the collective princ iple of a creative activity held in common in balance with notions of private property.It was evident from the Lockes social contract that the notion of labour is central to his property theory. But in Chapter V of Second Treatise illustrate that several conditions need to be taken into poster in justifying property rights.12Locke had insisted that whenever something is appropriated from the commons, enough and as good should be left for others who also wish to appropriate. Thus, Locke never assumed that the mere mixing of ones labour with something constitutes a sufficient condition for an individuals right to claim ownership of that thing.13Peter Laslett14has pointed out that Lockes account of the origin of property cannot be intended to cover all meaning of the word. For it is not defined as material possessions, nor in units of the conveniences or necessities of life but much more generally as Lives, Liberties and Estates, which I call by the general name, Property15Laslett fu rther argues that for property to Locke seems to symbolize rights in their concrete form, or perhaps rather to provide tangible subject of an individuals powers and attitudes.16Lockes First Treatises lays foundation on the concept of property in Section 86 as the right Adams had to make use of those things that were necessary or useful to his being. In the Second Treatises in Section 26 Locke used the notion to the best advantage of life and convenience. Professor Reno17noted that in the first statement Locke draws a distinction between property as necessary or useful whereas in the second he creates a union between property existing for life and convenience. Life and convenience are not rival goals such that one chooses to advance one or the other. Rather, echoing the empirical interpretation of the Law of Nature, one seeks preservation at all times and comfort when it is available. It is, however, possible to differentiate between goods that serve the advantage of life itself-nece ssities-and goods that serve the advantage of conveniencethe useful.What follows from the plain reading of Section 86 of Second Treatises is that property, both in the narrow and in the extended sense, is insufficiently protected and inadequately regulated in the state of nature and this is the critical inconvenience which induces men to enter into Society to make one People, one Body Politick under one Supreme Government.. by setting up a Judge on Earth with Authority to gibe all Controversies.18Lockes theory of uniting Men under one Society was based on consent as it was in case of acquisition of property. Critiques like Ashcraft, Dunn and many others argued that in fact the reason was based on ingenuity and root for rather than consent.Locke believes that it is consent alone that makes civil confederacy and such society requires policy-making rights and responsiblenesss.19The political power that Locke refers to is the power to make law for that society but it must all be fo r the good of society.20It can be argued that governments were before instituted by force without any check outment, however Locke explicitly says that he must provide an alternative to the view that all governments in the world is the product of force and violence. He admits that some governments are instituted by force and violence but if that were the only form of government he would be denying the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate governments. According to Locke a legitimate government is instituted by the consent of the people being governed.21Grant22says that the establishment of government is a two-step approach. world-wide consent is necessary to form a political community and consent to join a community once given is binding and cannot be withdrawn. She goes on to ask who swayers and the answer is determined by majority rule. Universal consent is required to establish the political community and majority consent to the answer who is to rule that community. 23Radcliffe24says that David Hume purified Lockes empiricism by rejecting all supernatural grounds for philosophical principles. He set aside Lockes idea of theological arse for his views and relied solely on enjoin that sense experience provides. He asked whether record provides any basis for thinking that political power attains legitimacy through a social contract.25Hume concluded that history does not provide any basis for thinking that political power arose through the social contract.Radcliffe further shows that Hume uncovered another weakness in Lockes social theory. The theory bases the lesson debt instrument to obey civil government on the mutual consent and promise to be governed. nonetheless the contract does not offer any basis for the moral obligation to keep such promise.26The political obligation of obedience is on the same moral footing as the obligation to keep a promise. Hume argues that one cannot be based on the other and if the one is sanctioned then the o ther will also be sanctioned. However this creates its own problem that if there is no moral basis for the duty of fidelity to promises, the contract theory will not provide any moral basis for duties of political obedience.27If there is a moral basis for the duty of fidelity to promises then that duty can also form the basis for political obedience and the social contract is unnecessary.28Hume further argues that if all laws come from Gods divine will why not at the same time say that governments are established directly by Gods will.29Locke in his Second Treatise,30gradually unfolded the government and its duties to the people. John Willinksy31rightly observed that Locke was to provide as firm a basis as anyone could imagine for the closely related growth of the empirical sciences, the rise of industrial capitalism, and the gradual unfurling of democratic government.What was the justification for Governmental control over people?Locke in his Two Treatises of Government depicted a clear picture of the state of nature. Locke holds that Men choose to leave the state of nature and establish a government. They do this because the enjoyment of their life, health and liberty in the state of nature is uncertain and continuously exposed to the invasion by others.32Therefore man in his natural state before money lived in a state of nature where each was producing only what they needed. The value of the goods they needed was determined by the value that the parties placed on the goods being bartered. As goods were perishable man did not retain more than what he needed to survive on. With the advent of money, man was able to hoard more money than he needed for his requirements. Families change magnitude and industry started to retain more than what they required. This increased the inconveniencies to persons. To avoid the increase in quarrels which may fart to war, man agreed on laws to govern their relations and to form a government.King33argues that the consent to u se money has one very important indication that may have been overlooked by Locke. The use of money allows a more complete fulfilment of natural law by promoting preservation and convenience. As it transcends the scarcity put forward by Locke it permits individuals to appropriate more than what they need. Once they have done so they will sell the excess and so see in providing for the needs of others. King further says that since those who have more can make money they have an incentive to fulfil others needs and this in enactment promotes peace, preservation and convenience.34Since men are rational the existence of money creates the possibility of greater expressions of rational behaviour. King therefore argues that by overcoming the scarcity limits, the possibility for a more complete fulfilment of the law of nature is created as it allows men to engage in rational activity and such activity results in increased quality of life for all.35Laslett pointed out that Lockes doctrine of property was incomplete, not a little confused and inadequate to the problem as it has been analysed since his day, lacking humanity and the sense of social co-operation to be found in the canonists who had proceeded him.36Laslett argued that, contrary to the traditional view that Locke had composed the Two Treatises in order to legitimize the 1688 Glorious Revolution, they were actually write surrounding the Exclusion Crisis a decade earlier.ConclusionHobbes, Locke and Rousseau all stressed that the only way that the state can be justified is to show that everyone would in some way consent to it. They were all thus social contract theorists. The social contract theory supposed conception of political justice and obligation that is based on voluntary consent by the people.That which the people choose to agree to is just and is according to their will. Kant says that people have a duty to agree to act according to the idea of the original contract.There is the problem of justifi cation and it is agreed that the way to look at the justification was by looking at the issue heuristically. As pointed out above Rawl has revived the social contract theory.The concept of property has been changed since Locke but the social contract theory is still relevant to the modern understanding of property. There have been numerous attempts by the academics and modern social theorists to relate Lockes social contract theory with the intellectual property rights and so on.Word Count 2492 words.

Liquid Phase Surface Nitriding of Al-5052

Liquid Phase Sur acquaint Nitriding of Al-5052Abstract Liquid phase draw close nitriding of Al-5052 was performed using the horniness of a TIG (tungsten inert bungle) torch in a gas shield which was a mixture of argon and due north. The feasibility of obtaining nitride compounds at various(a) TIG acting parameters and nitrogen disciplines in the shield gas were examine. The heading of AlN phase being formed during surface nitriding was proved by X-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyzer was carried out to study the morphology and chemical war paint of the nitride phase. The micro abrasiveness test was to a fault performed on cross sections of treated forges. This measurement demonstrated that the surface abrasiveness increased from 52 HV for the untreated aluminium alloy to as high as 1411 HV for the nitrided model due to the shaping of AlN phase in the treated layer. It was also found tha t, variation of nitrogen contents in the protect gas has little proceeding on the organic law of AlN phase and its properties. It was also noticed that pellucid phase surface nitriding reduced the have on rate to less than quarter of that of the untreated substrate.IntroductionLiquid phase surface engineering including surface melting, alloying, and constitution of composite layers on aluminum alloys have been studied and applied for more than three decades. High-energy sources such as laser and electron beam, as nearly as some other estrus sources like tungsten inert gas (TIG) process have been used for these treatments 13. In order to improve the wear granting immunity, administration of hard nitride layers via liquefiable phase surface engineering on nitride former alloys like titanium and iron in atmospheres containing nitrogen have also been studied by a number of rese electric archers 411.Aluminum alloys like titanium are strong nitride former. Attempts have been made to form nitride compounds on aluminum and its alloys to enhance their wear resistant 1216. The majority of researchers have used plasma nitriding technique. The main disadvantage of plasma nitriding is formation of rather thin AlN layers, which are not suitable, and useful cut high load bearing ability is required 12,13,1719. Some researchers have tried to form aluminum nitride via liquid phase surface engineering of aluminum using laser beam 14,2024. Sicard et al. 22 obtained thin nitride layers on aluminum brutishd substrate by liquid phase laser nitriding. Carpene et al. 23 studied laser nitriding of uncontaminated iron and aluminum in nitrogen atmosphere using a pulsed nanosecond Excimer laser. Their study revealed that approximately all the phases predicted by the Fe-N phase diagram was observed in the case of liquid phase iron nitriding, while in aluminum, only AlN was formed. There are only a couple of works on liquid phase surface nitriding of aluminum using electr ic arc in atmospheres of argon and nitrogen 15,16. Hioki et al. 15 introduced an aluminum nitriding method by heating aluminum in a mixture gas of argon and nitrogen using the heat of a TIG torch. By this treatment, a dense layer of aluminum nitride was formed on the surface of aluminum so that it improved the wear resistance of aluminum. Zheng et al. 16 describe an improvement in the microhardness and wear resistance of 1050 aluminum by nitrogen arc discharge at atmospheric pressure.The nitride formation mechanism via liquid phase surface treatment has not been completely realized. According to some researches 16,20,21, the plasma formation by the electric arc or laser irradiation on the substrate surface under nitrogen atmosphere allows ionization of nitrogen and perspicacity to some reason and then according to Al+N AlN reaction, nitride layers grow in the melt pool.It has been reported that if the proportion of nitrogen gas exceeds 50% by weight, the paucity of argon gas mig ht result in unfavorable effectuate on generation and stability of the electric arc 15. Therefore, it is preferred that the shielding gas to be diluted by argon gas. In this study, TIG surface nitriding of Al-5052 in ambient nitrogen atmosphere will be carried out to enquire the effects of various TIG affect parameters such as current and travel speed as well as nitrogen contents on the formation of AlN on Al-5052 alloy. Subsequently, the hardness and wear resistance of the treated surfaces were studied.ExperimentalAA5052 aluminum plates with dimensions of 100 mm 80 mm 10 mm were used as the substrate. Prior to surface nitriding, their surfaces were sandpapered with 120 paper grit SiC and then cleaned with acetone.TIG surface treatment was carried out using a MERKLE TIG 200 AC/DC unit in alternative-current (AC) mode as a heat-generator. A coaxial argon gas break away was adjusted at a fixed nub of 9 l/min and high purity nitrogen gas (at flow rates of 3, 4, and 5 l/min) was blown into the molten pool to go out shielding. Tungsten electrodes with diameter of 2.4 mm and a constant distance of 2 mm from the specimens surfaces were used for all experiments. Surface melting trials were conducted to optimize the TIG processing parameters (Table 1). The effects of brashness percentage of added nitrogen to the shielding gas and TIG processing parameters on the properties of the fabricated layers were studied. On the whole, liquid phase surface nitriding was performed under two assorted series of processing parameters. In the first series, surface nitriding was performed in a constant mixture of argon and nitrogen gas atmosphere at various TIG processing parameters and in the second series the mixtures of argon and nitrogen gas shielding were changed while other TIG operating parameters were kept constant (Table 2). The voltage of TIG process was kept at a constant value of 15 V, the current varied from 75 to 150 A, and the travel speed differed from 50 to 2 00 mm/min. The heat input for each test was calculated using Eq. 1 25.Heat input (kJ/cm) = (0.48 voltage current)/(Travel speed) (1)The nitrided layers were characterized and analyzed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (ModelCamscan MV2300) equipped with an EDS analyzer. The renders used for microanalysis were polished metallic elementlographically to get smooth surfaces and then were etched with Kellers reagent for 1530 s. The nitrided layers were also analyzed using a Philips XPert Pro X-ray diffractometer equipped with a Ni filter, Cu K source operating at 40 kV and 30 mA. The cross-sectional hardness of the surface treated layer was measured by a MicroMet microhardness testers-Vickers with an applied load of 100-200 g and holding time of 15 s. The given set of hardness were average values taking from three to five measurement points at the same depth. The wear rates of the samples at room temperature and humidity of 45% were also evaluated by measur ing the weight loss, using a pin-on-disc wear test machine. The cylindrical pins with a diameter of 4.9 mm were wire-cut from the untreated AA5052, surface liquefied and surface nitrided samples for the wear tests. A quench-tempered steel (AISI 52100) disc with a diameter of 37 mm and hardness of 59 HRC was chosen as the counter face. The scrutiny parameters were 20N load, 0.3 mm/s slue speed, and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 m sliding distance on a radius of 12.5 mm from the center of the disc.3. Results and Discussions3.1 Surface meltingFig. 1 shows a typical cross sectional view of a crack and porosity-free surface break up specimen achieved at a heat input of 2.16 kJ/cm (current of 100 A and travel speed of 200 mm/min). This figure also shows that the optical macrostructure of the cross section of the surface melted specimen is smooth of three distinctive structures Area 1 is the unchanged structure of the base metal. Area 2 with columnar structure, which is formed due to the hig h heat guide rates because of rapid solidification and high thermal gradient between the melted zone and the base metal. Area 3 with equiaxed structure, which is emerged due to heat convert rates during the melting process.3.2 Surface nitriding effects of various TIG processing parametersLiquid phase surface nitriding was carried out under various TIG processing parameters in a constant mixture of nitrogenargon shielding gases. Surface nitriding caused the formation of gray colored tracks, with 0.61.6 mm thickness and 36 mm width, indicating composition changes and possibly formation of aluminum nitride in the treated layer. A couple of other works have also reported similar observations 16,21. Fig. 2a and b shows the effect of heat input on the depth and width of the treated zone. The depth and width of treated zone proportionally increased with increasing heat input. In addition, the change in gradient due to increased heat input is the same in both graphs. Fig. 3a and b shows the surface treated zone achieved at the minimum (N-1) and upper limit (N-4) heat input used in this work, when the mixture of nitrogenargon shielding gas was remained constant. In the sample with maximum heat input, the treated layer is larger and contains cracks, which are due to the formation of hard aluminum nitride and high temperature gradient. The rough nature of the treated layer is due the metal evaporation as result of high heat input. EDS analysis from the marked areas (Fig. 3c and d) reveals aluminum and nitrogen percentages for N-1 and N-4 specimens. Nitrogen content in the sample with maximum heat input (27.22 at%) was a lot lower than the nitrogen content in the sample with minimal heat input (40.41 at%). Increasing heat input results in dissolved nitrogen in the larger melting pool of aluminum and there would be less excess nitrogen.3.3 Surface nitriding Effects of shielding gasSurface nitriding was also processed at various volume percentage of nitrogen in the shie lding gas when the other TIG processing parameters were kept constant. Fig. 4 shows the low magnification cross sectional SEM micrograph of sample N-5 (see Table 2), near its surface. According to this figure, the nitrided layers are consisted of two morphologies, one is dendritic morphology, and other is lamellar morphology dispersed between the dendrites. Similar morphologies are reported by other researchers 16. Fig. 5 shows the high magnification SEM micrograph of sample N-5 that reveals these two morphologies, separately. Detailed SEM-EDS spot analysis (Fig. 5c and d) suggests that in lamellar structure, the dark areas are aluminum nitride and the luminous bands are aluminum. The EDS analysis results disclosed that the atomic percentage of nitrogen and aluminum are almost 11 at the dark areas. X-ray diffraction patterns of the nitrided zone also confirmed peaks corresponding to hexagonal AlN phase (Fig. 6). Other researchers also reported formation of hexagonal AlN phase 12,16 . AlN phase was seen at 2 = 33.216, 36.041, 37.917, 49.816, 59.350, 66.054, 69.731, 71.440, 72.629, 81.090 and 94.844 (PDF no. 25-1133). There are other peaks in the XRD patterns at 2 = 38.473, 44.740, 65.135, 78.230, 82.438, and 99.081, that correspond to face centered cubic aluminum structure. Fig. 7 shows the high magnification cross sectional SEM micrographs of samples that were surface nitrided under various volume percentages of nitrogen in shielding gas. The morphologies of the samples treated with different nitrogen flow rates (3, 4 and 5 l/min) were similar to each other and by changing the nitrogen flow rate, the atomic percentage of nitrogen in the dark bands did not changed, significantly (Table 3). However, it seems that the thickness of the dark bands increased with increasing the volume percentages of nitrogen gas shielding. Meanwhile, bright areas increased that indicated aluminum content changed by reducing the amount of nitrogen in the gas mixture.3.4 Microhardness Table 4 compares the average microhardness of a number of surface melted samples with that of the base metal. In surface melted samples, the hardness of the surface melted layer reduces by increasing of the heat input applied. Nevertheless, minimum hardness of the surface melted samples (81 HV) was much higher than that of the base aluminum substrate (52 HV). Table 5 shows the average microhardness of a number of surface nitrided samples being compared with that of the base metal. The increase in hardness was due to the formation of AlN phase in the nitrided zone. In surface nitrided samples by decreasing the heat input, the size of the treated layer decreased and hence, the solidification rate increased, resulting in a finer grained structure. In addition, by reducing the heat input, nitriding pool shrinks and nitrogen content rises from about 27 to 40 %at and therefore the relative amount of nitride compounds is increased in the layer. The hardness of the nitrided sample achieved at higher heat input (HV 1109) is lower than that of the sample nitride at lower heat input (1411HV), which is close to the hardness value reported by others 13,16. Furthermore, various volume percentages of nitrogen in the gas shielding had an insignificant effect on the average hardness of the nitrided zone. Fig. 8 illustrates the microhardness profiles along the depth of the layer achieved for surface melted (M-1) and nitrided (N-5) samples. These profiles indicate that the microhardness of the surface nitrided sample is much higher than that of the surface melted sample. The hardness for the surface melted (M-1) sample reached 148 HV and for the surface nitrided (N-5) sample increased by up to 1411 HV. Besides, the hardness of the nitrided layer along treated zone does not vary significantly and abruptly reduce to the hardness of the base material that can be an indication of in depth diffusion of nitrogen in the surface treated zone.3.5. Wear resistanceThe weight losses of the worn untreated substrate, surface melted and surface nitrided samples against sliding distance are shown in Fig. 9. As it is shown, the weight loss later on 1000 m sliding reduced from 4.2 mg to 2.9 and 1.2 mg, respectively, for the untreated aluminum, surface melted (M-1) sample (with highest hardness among surface melted samples) and surface nitrided (N-5) sample (with highest hardness among surface nitrided samples). According to these results, the wear rates of the surface melted and nitrided aluminum are about 69% and 28% of that of the untreated aluminum. Besides friction coefficients varied from 0.81 to 0.71 and 0.54 for untreated substrate, surface melted and surface nitrided samples respectively. It is obvious that grain refinement and presence of hard aluminum nitride phases have a positive effect on the wear resistance of the melted and nitrided samples. Similar improvement in wear resistance by formation of nitride layer has also been reported in other studies 11,13,14, 16.Fig. 10 shows the scanning electron micrographs of the worn surfaces of the untreated, surface melted and surface nitrided samples after 1000 m sliding distances. Plastic deformation including deep grooves on the worn surface of the untreated sample are signs of abrasive wear mechanism. aft(prenominal) surface melting processing, the surface hardness increased and the intensity of the grooves reduced. Fig. 10c shows the worn surface of the surface nitrided sample, which has the lowest wear rate among the samples. Worn surface of the nitrided sample are smoother than those of the other samples that is due to presence of AlN phases in the nitrided layers and its higher hardness.ConclusionsLiquid phase surface nitriding of Al-5052 by TIG process in ambient nitrogen atmosphere resulted in the formation of nitrided layers containing hexagonal AlN hard phase with two morphologies of dendritic and lamellar.Increasing the heat input resulted in reduced nitrogen content in the nitrided l ayer and thus AlN content reduced in the layer.The hardness of the surface nitrided layer reached to 1411 HV as compared to 52 HV for untreated aluminum alloy. Meanwhile, various volume percentages of nitrogen in the gas shielding had no significant effect on the morphology and the average hardness of the nitrided layers.Liquid phase surface nitriding resulted in the formation of AlN phase and hence increased the hardness of the treated layer that in turn reduced the wear rate to less than quarter of that of the untreated aluminum.

Free Essays: A Comparison of Iliad and Odyssey :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Iliad and Odyssey Although both works are credited to Homer, The Iliad and The Odyssey provide two remarkably different views on the reputation of the Olympian Gods, their relationship to humanity, and the general lot of mortals through by their all too brief lives. As a result of these differences, both stories end up move contrasting messages about life in general. In the Iliad, the supernatural denizens of Olympus are depicted as treacherous, power-hungry, and above all temperamental beings that are always at each others throats. Factionalism abounds, and neither the bonds of marriage, nor the ties of kinship can contain keep it under control. A perfect example is when Ares betrays his mother, Hera, and his sister, Athene, by aiding the Trojans instead of the Greeks. When he is discovered, Athena strikes him bring down in battle through Diomedes. In the Odyssey, however, the Gods of Olympus display far more unity and civility toward each other. They argue and disagree, but their disagreements are never carried out to the extremes found in the Iliad. When Poseidon punishes Odysseys for blinding the Cyclopes, Athena does not take revenge. Even though Odysseys is her favorite mortal, she respects Poseidons right to punish him. Also, the treachery among the Gods that is so predominant in the Iliad, is nowhere to be found in the Odyssey. In Iliad, Hera, enters into a conspiracy with Poseidon, Aphrodite, and Morpheus to aid the Greeks by putting Zeus to sleep thus description him unable to help his beloved Trojans. Nothing like this incident can be found in the Odyssey. References to past disagreements and arguments between the Gods (such as in the Poets humbug of Ares and Aphrodite) are scattered throughout the book, however, so the views between the Iliad and the Odyssey are not exactly diametrically opposed. The role of the Gods in the affairs of humanity is much greater in the Iliad then in the Odyssey. In the Iliad, t he Olympians are constantly meddling in the conflict between the Greeks and the Trojans. At best, they view mortals as amusing pets to be cared for, played with, and loved. At worst, humans are just pawns to be shuffled around, sacrificed, and set against each other in order to resolve inter-Olympian ego-clashes.

John Steinbecks East of Eden - The Gift of Free Will :: East Eden Essays

East of Eden - The Gift of Free WillAn elegant benefit of choosing to major in English is that it has allowed me four years to dig deeply into my love of the written word. This involves looking beyond the surface of literature and analyse its effects in the course of my everyday life. Some books are easy to suppose quickly, enjoy, and forget, but others exert an influence that is non easily discarded or forgotten. In my mental library, the classic American novel East of Eden, by John Steinbeck, falls into this category. I believe East of Eden has helped shape me chastely by illustrating the power of free will in a world caught between a constant battle of good and evil.I decided to read East of Eden after hearing a friend share a short passage from it in his valedictory address. Although I do not remember the contents of that particular passage anymore, I remember that it was the power of Steinbecks simple, direct language that urged me to take it on as my next big raid into w hat my high school English teacher called real literature.The Cain and Abel story, possibly the most enigmatic story of good and evil in the Bible, is the basis for East of Eden. Although allegoric elements are scattered throughout the whole novel, the most evident theme struck me as three of the main characters discussed the ramifications of deitys words to Cain after Abels death. Lee, a Chinese servant to one of the novels main families, explained to his two companions a little-known conflict between the translations of Genesis 47 in two versions of the Bible. In one translation, God tells Cain that thou shalt rule over sin. In another, God says to Cain, Do thou rule over sin. The first is a promise, and the second is an order. Lee concluded that the equivocalness presented by the two translations is at the heart of the universal human story.I agree. I know some people who surrender themselves to the fatalistic belief that everything in life has been mapped out by God. I also kno w people who believe that God is a harsh drillmaster who issues demands under the constant threat of damnation. Until I read this book, however, I never wondered where the dispute originated. As the characters in Steinbecks novel discussed the discrepancy of Genesis 47, I also wondered at the intended implication of the verse.

The Torment of a Lifetime - Original Writing :: Papers

The Torment of a Lifetime - Original Writing The eat room door was left ajar he could smell all the different aromas spilling through. He wasnt hungry, he settled for a cup of c makeee. The coffee awoke his attempt buds and realised that he could eat a breakfast. Unexpectedly he heard his name being called out over the tannoy, to go to the medical wing without delay. He thought it was just another routine medical examination, which all other staff dread. He stood before the door. He let out a big sigh entered the room and marched his way to the grubby desk and announced himself. He was asked to sit down and wait for someone to call his name to proceed with his examination. The chairs were all stain and torn they were in need of urgent replacement. His attention was fixated on a magazine about the Ancient Romans he picked it up and began to read it. The noise shortly ceased, leaving the tick-tocking of the clock not difficult to hear. He nervously wai ted, as he knew what was about to come. He began to hear faint footsteps gradually getting louder and walking(prenominal) being stomped in a rhythmic, ridiculed taunt. He felt like he was being harassed. This reminded him of a part in Jurassic Park. His eyes widened, a cardinal and one thoughts running through his head. He knows what happens next. He has to get out. Within seconds the door that had a placard saying Medical Staff Only burst open ricocheting off the adjacent wall. He flew back his chair in anticipation of what was about to happen, out emerged six examiners, accompanied by clipboards that were placed officiously against their chest. His nerves ar at rock bottom, ticking away with each tick of the clock. The door slammed shut as he stumbled back through. Once strength and power surged throughout his veins, his body was completely drained, like air sucked out from a balloon. His body has encountered the extreme in the past but nothing to the torturing treatment that he had

The Impact of the Electric Guitar on Music Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The Impact of the Electric Guitar on Music Everyone has moments when they feel as if they have launch the wrong place. Now, it was epoch for one young gentleman to partake in one of these moments. A salesman had an appointment for a meeting with a wealthy man, yet he found himself wondering if he had arrived at the correct office. This was supposed to be a millionaires office, yet as he looked around the room, he saw no leather couches or expensive desks. In fact, the room was sparsely furnished, and had no carpeting. There was a desk, a rather common one that was too clutter up with blueprints and assorted papers to recognize, anyway. Also cluttered, a metal bookcase was in the corner, covered with speaker parts and catalogues. This enormously wealthy man even saved a disposable Styrofoam cup, which was sitting on his desk with his name labeled on it. Still hoping to find the owner, the salesman peeked in a back room, where he found nothing simply dust, drills and punch presses. The man exclaimed, Maybe it was the room down the hall as he turned around. With this turn he bumped into the father of the solid-body electric guitar and the man he had been looking for. Mr. Fender then responded with a whole-hearted, Can I help you? (Wheeler, 1982, pp. 42-43). The sought after executive was a man named Clarence Leo Fender, who was responsible for the freshman winnerful mass marketing of the solid-body electric guitar. However, it was an innovation that came after people were already using the electric guitar. For years before Fenders success began in 1948, hollow-body electric guitars had been produced and used by top names in the guitar business, such as Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Lang, and Blind L... ... in American life. Smithsonian Productions. Retrieved December 21, 2001, from http//www.si.edu/sp/onair/guitar1.htm.Mongan, N. (1983). The history of the guitar in jazz. New York Oak.Pareles, J. (2000, November 12). The humbl e instrument that conquered the world. New York Times, p. 1, sec. 2.Romana, H., Gustafson, G., Purse, B., & Daft, M. (1998, March). Guitar Past, present and future. Music Educators Journal, 5, 84. Retrieved December 18, 2001 from EBSCOhost Database.Thompson, A., Levy, A., Ellis, A., & Fox, D. (1998, December). Legends of the Paul. Guitar Player, 32, 106-123. Retrieved January 4, 2002, from Proquest Database.Waksman, S. (n.d.). Instruments of desire The electric guitar and the shaping of musical experience. Cambridge Harvard.Wheeler, T. (1982). American guitars An illustrated history. New York Harper.

Welfare Reform: Promoting Independence and Self-Reliance Essay

Welfare Reform Promoting Independence and Self-RelianceMary Smith gets up all(prenominal) day at 6 am and begins to hustle around the house. She rouses her three children from their slumber and forces them to get ready for school. Once the kids are on the bus, she hops in her car and heads off to her job at the local fast food restaurant. After working her seven hours at the restaurant, she goes to her night course at the college in town. The course she is taking will help her get her high school diploma and possibly lead her to a successful career. These two things have been dreams of Marys for so long, but she hasnt been able to attain them until now. She has been on welfare since the age of eighteen after having her first baby, Elijah. Most days life still seems like an long tunnel, but now she thinks she may be starting to see a little light through the darkness.Many single mothers, like Mary Smith, and others on welfare have been given the chance to pursue happiness bec ause of the reforms to the United States welfare system. In August of 1996, President Bill Clinton signed legislation that changed frequently of the system. The bill that he signed was called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity reconciliation Act of 1996. The three goals of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 were 1) to reduce welfare dependency and increase employment, 2) to reduce child poverty and 3) to reduce illegitimacy and strengthen marriage (Rector, par. 1). Clintons plan also include three new rules 1) requires most recipients to work within two years of receiving assistance 2) limits most assistance to five years total and 3) lets states establish family caps to abandon additiona... ...ec. 2001. < http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/politics/special/welfare/stories/welfare052799.htm. Naughton, Keith. From the Frying Pan to the Factory. Business Week. 1 June 1998 106. Otto , Mary. Sustaining Welfare-to-Work. Washingtonpost.com. 2 Dec. 2001. 6 Dec. 2001. < http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43074-Dec1.html. Pear, Robert. Changes in Welfare Bring Improvements for Families. The New York Times on the Web. 1 June 2000. 7 Dec. 2001. ? < http//www.nytimes.com/library/politics/060100mn-welfare.html. Rector, Robert and Patrick F. Fagan. The Good News About Welfare Reform. The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder. 5 Sept. 2001. 2 Dec. 2001.? < http//www.heritage.org/library/backgrounder/bg1468.html